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WHEN REACTORS?
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Ending Global Warming
When Can We Buy These 
Reactors?
These reactors are just 
beginning to emerge as commercial products.  We need them NOW!  
See also: 
Understanding Nuclear 
Energy, Reactor Licensing    Nuclear Regulatory Commission small and medium reactor licensing.  
 
Coal Yard Nukes are more than 
just "Green pie-in-the-sky" without a delivery date. 
All of these reactors are capable of producing the high temperature steam needed 
to replace coal.
What is shown here is only what an American not in 
the industry has picked up from the web.  A better 
source:  
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf33.html   
	
	
	
 
Hyperion 25 MWe, 
Uranium 
Hydride 
Granules   
 http://www.hyperionpowergeneration.com/ 
	
Eastern 
European launch in 2013
	
The company says that 
it will have a prototype of its reactor fully designed next year and that it has 
already secured an order for six units from a group of investors in Eastern 
Europe, including the Czech engineering company TES, who have an option to buy a 
further 44. It also claims to have other commitments from various parties – 
mostly energy utilities that currently use diesel generators in remote locations 
– for a further 100 units. 
The company expects to deliver its first reactor in June 
2013.
	
		
			
				
					No moving parts
					The novel feature of the reactor is that the boiler 
					temperature, and thus the power output, is kept steady 
					without the need for any moving parts, flowing water or 
					human intervention. If the thermal load is removed, the 
					uranium hydride goes over temperature, the hydrogen is 
					driven out of the uranium metal and the chain reaction will 
					eventually come to a stop, causing the reactor to cool off 
					until it returns to its temperature set-point. Since the 
					system is sealed, the hydrogen will eventually flow back 
					into the uranium core when it has cooled sufficiently, 
					causing the reaction to restart. The up-shot is that the 
					temperature and thus concentration of hydrogen will 
					stabilize at a factory pre-set temperature, although if the 
					sealed core is breached for any reason, the hydrogen will 
					escape causing the fission to permanently stop.
					Heat from the reaction is 
					removed by liquid metal flowing in pipes with mesh wicks. 
					According to the company, these sealed systems are about 
					1000 times [?] better than solid metals in transferring heat. 
					Using these pipes is also an important safety feature 
					because they keep water, which can act as a moderator and 
					slow down the neutrons (thereby speeding up the chain 
					reaction), well away from the reactor core.  [Water in 
					Ft St Vrain's TRISO prism core was a recurring problem.  
					A reason for the interest in TRISO helium or nitrogen gas 
					turbine systems.]
					 
					Chinese HTR-PM 100 MWe, 
					TRISO Pebble (No English contact) 
Chinese Pebble Bed Reactor Progress - May 2007.pdf  
Active.  Designed to be connected in parallel 
with a second HTR-PM to produce steam for a conventional 200 MWe coal power plant 
turbine.
Dr. Andrew Kadak at MIT is 
knowledgeable about the Chinese TRISO reactor program. 
http://web.mit.edu/pebble-bed/contact.html  
http://web.mit.edu/pebble-bed/ 
 
				 
			 
		 
	 
 
Pebble Bed 
Modular Reactor (PBMR) 180 MWe, TRISO Pebble  
http://www.pbmr.com/  
Active.  In prototype construction for 
driving a helium gas reactor.
"Who we are 
Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Pty) Limited (PBMR) was established in 1999 with the 
intention to develop and market small-scale, high-temperature reactors both 
locally and internationally. 
The 800-member PBMR project team is based in Centurion near Pretoria, South 
Africa (map). 
The PBMR is a High Temperature Reactor (HTR) with a closed-cycle, gas turbine 
power conversion system. Although it is not the only HTR currently being 
developed in the world, the South African project is on schedule to be the first 
commercial scale HTR in the power generation field. Very high efficiency and 
attractive economics are possible without compromising the high levels of 
passive safety expected of advanced nuclear designs. 
In the USA, PBMR is a partner in the 
Westinghouse-led consortium which has been awarded a contract by the US 
Department of Energy to consider the PBMR technology as heat source for 
producing non-carbon derived hydrogen. The scope for the first phase of this 
contract, which has now been completed, was for the pre-conceptual engineering 
of a nuclear co-generation plant for the production of electricity and hydrogen. 
Requests for proposals for the second phase of the NGNP project will soon be 
issued, to which the PBMR consortium will be responding.
In December 2008, the Fuel 
Development Laboratories – in collaboration with the South African Nuclear 
Energy Corporation (Necsa) – successfully manufactured coated particles 
containing 9.6% enriched uranium. The license for the production campaign was 
granted by the South African National Nuclear Regulator on 5 December 2008 and 
on 6 December, the fuel particles were successfully manufactured. On 5 January 
2009, the coated particles were shipped to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 
the United States where they will be compacted into specimens, after which they 
will be inserted in irradiation test samples for irradiation testing at the 
Idaho National Laboratory.
"Another PBMR design is aimed at 
steam process heat applications (500 MWt) operating at 720°C, which provides the 
basis for penetrating the nuclear heat market as a viable 
alternative for carbon-burning, high-emission heat sources."
 
General Atomics 
GT-MHR 325 MWe, TRISO Prism  
 
http://gt-mhr.ga.com/ 
Active?  This reactor has been around for 
several years in slightly different forms.  Developed by General Atomics to drive a 
helium gas turbine, it may be considered the classic TRISO prism reactor.  
The Russians and Areva are both supposed to be working on prototypes slanted 
toward their particular needs.  General Atomics was the reactor builder for 
the mid-seventies Ft St Vrain early TRISO technology 'Hybrid' reactor in 
Colorado.  It ran for 14 years as a nuke, the turbine is still running 
using the exhaust heat from a gas turbine generator. 
"THE GAS TURBINE - MODULAR HELIUM 
REACTOR 
In 1993, General Atomics (GA) and the Russian Federation Ministry for Atomic 
Energy (MINATOM) initiated a joint cooperative program to develop the Gas 
Turbine - Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR). In 1994, the primary emphasis of the 
program was refocused on development of the GT-MHR for disposition of surplus 
Russian weapons-grade plutonium. In 1996 and 1997, Framatome and Fuji Electric, 
respectively, also became partners in this program. The scope of the program 
includes construction of a GT-MHR plant at Seversk (formerly Tomsk-7) to destroy 
a portion of the Russian inventory of surplus plutonium and to produce 
electricity for the surrounding region. The conceptual design was completed in 
1997 by several Russian institutes in cooperation with the non-Russian partners. 
Funding for the conceptual design phase was provided by MINATOM, General 
Atomics, Framatome and Fuji Electric."
General Atomics has also built 65 
TRIGA teaching reactors.  
	
	 http://triga.ga.com/50years.html  
	
	
	
	
	
					 The Hyperion reactor is related 
to the TRIGA reactor family.
 
	
	
Liquid Fluoride-Thorium Reactor 1,000 MWe, 
Liquid     
(No Commercial contact available)
Small test units have been built and run very 
successfully in several countries in the past.  While extremely promising, 
there are no current plans to build another.
 
 
Adams Atomic Engines, Inc.'s 
Rod Adams can 
provide critical guidance.  
You can also find a pebble bed expert at: http://www-fae.iaea.org/index.cfm